biotech , what is biotechnology

**Eugenics:  Branch dealing with genetic engineering.

  Euphenics:   Improvement of human                phenotypic characters .

  Euthenics: Improvement of human                   functional and well being.

**Feature of plamsid:  EXtrachromosomal DNA material found in bacterial cell, independent restriction,circular, double stranded ,transferable.When extracellular material added to the plasmid ,then it is called vector.

**Retrovirus have the ability to transform normal cells into cancerous cell in animals; ssRNA.

**linking of antibiotic resistance gene with the plasmid vector became possible with DNA ligase.

**Har  Govind Khorana : 1st time synthesize artificial gene in 1969.

**1st recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules were generated in 1973 by Paul Berg,Herbert Boyer,Annie Chang and Stanley Cohen   of Stanford university and university of California San Francisco.

**Father of Genetic Engineering: Paul Berg

Father of Biotechnology            :  Karoly Ereky

Father of Indian Biotechnology:  Kiran Mazumdar Shaw

**Fruitfly widely used in genetic engineering.

**AIU1,Hind111,EcoRI: restriction endonuclease .

**pBR 32: Plasmid in E .colu,firstly widely user E.coli cloning vectors.Created in 1977 in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the university of California .

**Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a gram -ve soil bacterium which can cause crown gall tumors at wound sites or infected dicotyledons plants,used as a vector .

**1st biochemical to be produced commercially by microbial cloning and genetic engineering is human insulin.

**Experimental manipulation of DNA of different species producing recombinant DNA is known as rDNA technology. Restriction endonuclease are most widely used in rDNA technology.

**Selectable marker :A gene whose expression helps to identify transformed cell.

**Exonuclease catalyse the removal of nucleotide from the ends of DNA while endonuclease   catalyse the removal of DNA from mid.

**Ques: While isolating DNA from  bacteria enzymes that not required??

(a)Lysozyme

(b)protease

(c) ribonuclease

(d)deoxyribonuclease

Ans- deoxyribonuclease(this digest DNA hence DNA not isolated instead of digested.)

**Ques- In preparation of rDNA molecule which is not required?

(a)Restriction endonuclease

(b)DNA ligase

(c)E.coli

(d)DNA fragment

Ans- E.coli

**Stirred tank reactor is usually cylindrical.

**Golden rice is rich in-Beta carotene and ferritin.(beta carotene is precursor of vitamin A.

**A single strand of  nucleic acid tagged with a radioactive molecule is called probe.

**Agarose extracted from sea weeds used in Gel electrophoresis,a method of separation of macromolecules and their fragments based on their size and charge.

**DNA polymerase enzyme is isolated from Thermus  aquatics.

**For rapid production of alcohol, immobilized yeast cells kept in calcium alginate beds.

*Vector:  The DNA molecule to which the gebe of interest is integrates for cloning called vector.

*Source of EcoR1 : Escherichia coli RY13.

**Lal Bahadur Shastri biotechnological centre is in Delhi.

**In plant biotechnology, root tumors are induced in plant using the bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes.