Dunaliella salina - Overview

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                 Dunaliella salina Dunaliella salina is a unicellular microalgae belong to division Chlorophyta . It is found in salinity environments such as salted brines, salt evaporation ponds, and hypersaline lakes  .It is able to tolerate varying NaCl concentrations, ranging from 0.2% to approximately 35% . Thus, Dunaliella salina is a hyper-halotolerant organism found in high densities in saline lakes.  The ability to tolerate high salt concentrations is advantageous, since competition is minimal in high salt concentration areas.  How D.salina   tolerate high salt concentration? D. salina has adapted to survive in high salinity environments by accumulating glycerol to balance osmotic pressure. Note :  D. salina is also adapted to solar radiation using β-carotene to protect against ionizing energy.                 Red Colour of Salt Brines  Dunaliella salina...
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Cancer: Types,Symptoms,Causes,Tests

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Cancer: Abnormal, uncontrolled and excessive mitotic division of cells is cancer.

Causes of cancer:

*  Mutation in the genes
*  Cell death decreases-inactivate suicidal genes.
*  Tumor suppressor gene inactive
*  Conversion of protooncogene into oncogene that is responsible of excessive mitosis.
*   Carcinogens
Carcinogens may be physical, biological and  chemical.
Physical: Radiations ;radiations is of two types:ionising and non-ionising.Xrays and gamma rays are ionising while UV rays are non-ionising.
Chemical: Smoking, N-Nitrosodimethylene, hormones imbalanance
Biological: cancer causing viruses;oncogenic virus.


Types of Cancer:

1)Benign tumour: Abnormal mass of cell restricted to a specific area.

2)Malignant tumour:  Abnormal mass of cells that grow quickly and spread to other parts of body.




On basis of tissues affected:
1)Carcinoma: Cancer of epithelial tissue  (ectodermal).Example-Gastric carcinoma,  brain carcinoma.Melanocarcinoma(cancer of melanocytes in skin).

2)Sarcoma: Cancer of mesodermal tissue .
Example:Bone,Cartilage ,muscle cancer(myisarcoma).

3)Leukemia and Lymphoma:   Cancer of haemopoeitic cells.
(a)Chronic myclogenous leukemia:  translocation  betweem chromosome 9 and 22(Philadelphia chromosome).
(b)Burkitt's Lympoma : translocation between chromosome 8 and 14.

Diagnosis:

(1)Blood examination:     
WBC number increasing shows person suffer from leukemia.
Detection of tumor markers:
Prostate cancer   -prostate specific antigen
Liver cancer         - alpha ferroprotein
Bone cancer         - alkaline phosphatase
(2)Histopathological study:
Biopsy and FNAC(fine needle aspiration cytology)
*A section of tissue cut into small pieces and then  staining of these pieces is done.After staining,tissue is observed in laboratory 
*Karyoplasmic index: Count of nucleus/cytoplasm.
*Irregular shaped cells and increased  ,number of mitochondria observed.
Example:Pap Smear test ;for cervical cancer (female) ;a section of uterus is observed and studied in laboratory .
(3) Use of X ray ,MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) ,CT scan.
*CT scan is used to make 3D image of that organ.
*Strong magnetic field and non-ionising radiation are used.
(4)Molecular biology


Treatment:

1)Chemotherapy
2)Radiotherapy
3)Surgical therapy
4)Immuno therapy(monoclonal antibodies are used).
Anticancerous substances like Cis-plastin ,Vinblastin.


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